![]() Relation if strange quark mass is increased 0.5% to 93.45 MeV⁄c 2.įermions described as Godel solutions to Einstein’s equations have matter Longest wavelength of 2 nd and 3 rd generation fermions, have greatest “leverage” on Nickalls triangle orientation, and PDG 2020 masses satisfy the Neutrality relates lepton wavelengths to quark wavelength in charge states With up quark mass = 4 m eand down quark mass = 9 m e, hydrogen atom charge Nickalls triangle offset distance, in Figure 1, is Wavelengths in each charge state are projections on the l axis of vertices of Nickalls triangles, centered on average wavelength , electrostatic potential energy from repulsion between equal surface charges at opposite ends of the rotation axis isĮlectrostatic potential energy of charged ground state fermions is identical if up quark mass = 4 m e and down quark mass = 9 m e, well within PDG 2020 error bars.ĭiscriminant ∆ is positive for fermions regardless of the sign of B, so the cubic has three real roots corresponding to three fermion Compton wavelengths in each charge state. With electron charge − e and two trios of quarks, hydrogen atom charge neutrality requires twoĭown quark constituent in each proton. The Standard Model involves three constituent quarks in protons. Total particle mass is the sum of mass equivalents of pressure, m/2, in the volume, mass equivalent of surface pressure Describing mass and pressure distribution with surface and linear elements requires minimum surface shell thicknesses and , and diameter l/2, results in cubic equations in l and allows at most three particles in each charge state. Internal particle mass and pressure distribution, involving volume Cubic Equations for Wavelengths from Mass and Pressure Distribution Charge neutrality of the universe is important to the analysis.Ģ. ![]() ![]() This analysis replaces the Standard Model assumption of massless neutrinos that conflicts with neutrino oscillation observations, and avoids point particle infinite density. Particle internal mass and pressure distribution is described by cubic equations for l in each charge state, allowing at most three particles in each charge state. This analysis resolves these problems by describing particles as solutions of Einstein’s equations, with radii 1/4 their Compton wavelength l and half of any charge on rotating particles located on the surface at each end of the axis of rotation, to explain Standard Model masses consistent with PDG 2020 and neutrino mass error bars. Neutrinos are massless in the Standard Model, in conflict with observations of neutrino oscillations. The nine charged fermion masses must be provided as inputs to the Standard Model. The particle physics Standard Model involves three trios of charged fermions, three neutrinos, three spin one bosons with average charge zero, and a scalar Higgs boson. ![]()
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